A vaccine against cholera is being used on a large scale for the first time in Ethiopia by teams from Médecins Sans Frontières/Doctors Without Borders (MSF). The mass immunisation campaign will protect South Sudanese refugees in Ethiopia’s Gambella region as well as the host community against the risk of cholera spreading across the border from neighbouring South Sudan, where an epidemic had been declared in June.
Cholera is endemic in the Gambella region, while overcrowding and poor sanitation in the area’s refugee camps could provide a perfect breeding ground for the Vibrio cholerae bacillus.
More than 185,000 South Sudanese refugees have been registered in the Gambella region by the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR).
Logistical challenges
The cholera vaccine is given in two doses. MSF teams administered the first dose between 24th July and 2nd August to refugees in Lietchuor, Kule and Tierkidi camps, and to newly arrived refugees in Pagak, Pamdong and Matar transit centres.
Given the movement of people and trade between the camps and surrounding villages, protecting the host population against the disease is also crucial.
The cholera vaccine is relatively easy to administer, but the mass campaign presents some major logistical challenges.
"The vaccine against cholera is taken orally, is easy to administer, and is more than 60 percent effective,” says Madi Foura Sassou, MSF’s emergency coordinator in Gambella.
“However, the campaign requires a great deal of organisation, in terms of logistics and staff.”
The vaccine, which must be stored between 2° and 8°C, needs to be transported in refrigerated trucks from the capital, Addis Ababa, to the vaccination sites, and then kept in portable coolers.
More than 300 MSF staff have been deployed in the refugee camps and surrounding villages, with medical teams administering the vaccine and community health workers raising awareness about the campaign amongst refugees and locals.
Vaccination campaign
MSF teams are vaccinating children of one year and over and adults excluding pregnant women. Fixed vaccination sites are being staffed by teams of five, while mobile teams of two are travelling door-to-door to provide vaccinations within people’s houses and tents.
In the first round of the campaign, 151,723 people – or 85 percent of the target population in the refugee camps – were vaccinated against cholera, considered a good coverage rate despite the overestimated population. Each person received a vaccination card enabling them to receive the second dose of the vaccine.
The second round of the campaign began on 15th August and will last for two weeks. All those vaccinated also receive a bar of soap, as one of a number of measures – which include vaccinations, good hygiene, and water and sanitation provision – to limit the risk of a cholera outbreak.
Protecting against an epidemic
The mass vaccination campaign is being supported by the Ethiopian authorities, and conducted under the supervision of a committee which includes health authorities and the Administration for Refugee and Returnee Affairs (ARRA), with technical support provided by UN agencies including the World Health Organization, UNHCR and UNICEF.
Heavy rains, which occur frequently at this time of year, have threatened to disrupt the campaign at times, but the teams have been well prepared for all eventualities, while both refugees and the host community understand the importance of the vaccinations to protect against a possible epidemic.
MSF provides medical care to South Sudanese refugees in Pagak and Matar transit centres as well as in Letchuor, Kule and Tierkidi camps and in Itang.
MSF also provides water and sanitation services in Pagak, Kule, Tierkidi and Gambella, in Ethiopia.
